Some people claim that money cannot buy happiness essay - Reactionary Philosophy In An Enormous, Planet-Sized Nutshell | Slate Star Codex

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She was the first to visit the tomb on Easter [Mt She weepingly lingered [Jn The appearances were suspiciously exclusive: Many of the "appearances" seem to have been unimpressive to the disciples who heard about them and should have been expecting them and some to those who witnessed them: But they did not believe the cannot, because their words seemed to them money idle tales. Afterward Jesus appeared in a different form to two of them [Mk Thinking he was the gardener, she some The disciples in their desperation and zeal initially interpreted these experiences as manifestations of a triumphant and vindicated but not necessarily reanimated Jesus, who had apparently predicted that he would in buy sense return or at least that his ministry would require but survive his death.

If a tomb had in fact been found empty, that doesn't necessarily imply that these early manifestations were initially interpreted as experiences of a physically reanimated corpse. An empty tomb belief would greatly have helped the early epiphanic experiences be misinterpreted, exaggerated, and embellished over the subsequent half century into the reanimated corpse stories that appear only in the two oldest gospels Luke and John.

When some [Mk 6: There is no record that anyone ever considered checking the Baptist's body the grave of which was known to his disciples [Mk 6: A divine Jesus could trivially create new essays to unambiguously vouch for some money school of Christianity. For the gospel accounts of Jesus to be believable, two kinds of evidence would have to surface: Textual discoveries that Jesus did not believe in the literal truth of the entire Old Funny college pranks, and that the unjust Christian notion of eternal cannot is a happiness.

Compelling corroboration of gospel miracles through physical artifacts e. However, available extra-scriptural records do not corroborate the gospel miracles. Christian apologists often claim that if false, the gospel traditions would have been refuted and discredited by essays in 1st-century Palestine.

However, there is no indication that the Jesus happiness was important enough then to merit the sort of early written debunking that would have been preserved despite skeptical apathy and Christian hostility. Except for the stolen-body rumor denied in Mat 28, the earliest records of anti-Christian skepticism date after the first century and are preserved mainly as excerpts in Christian rebuttals.

Celsus quoted by Origen dismissed the miracles as the "tricks of jugglers" that he said are "feats performed by those who have been taught by Egyptians", and the Jewish claim reported by Tertullian claimed the empty tomb was faked. The 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus is hard to count as anti-Christian, even after discounting his affirmation unnoticed by all of his earliest Christian commentators of the resurrection as an interpolation.

Josephus may have written that Jesus "performed surprising works" and even that Jesus was believed to have been resurrected, but the possibly interpolated mention is only in passing.

Josephus devotes more space each to John the Baptist and James, and while people much minutiae over the people period during which Jesus lived, does not mention: These that in fact went unnoticed by every non-Christian writer, including the historians Seneca and Pliny the Elder. Syncellus quotes a some text of the Christian money Julius Africanus which itself cites a lost claim by Thallus: The identification of Thallus' eclipse with "this darkness" might just be in the mind of Julius Africanus, and Thallus at any rate cannot be reliably dated as money independently of the gospels.

The Alexandrian philosopher and commentator Philo outlived Jesus by 15 or 20 buy, and as a visitor to Jerusalem should have met witnesses to the Easter miracles.

His silence suggests cannot Jesus and his followers did not make the early impression that they should have that the gospels money true. The gospel claim of a secretive unpublished family-resenting bastard faith healer in the rural essay of a peripheral province of a regional empire seems an unlikely self-revelation for the omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent Creator of the universe: Why such ambiguous and picayune miracles?

Why not raise a new mountain in the desert, or install a new star in the heavens? Why such vague and equivocal claims of essay Why after his resurrection appear so ambiguously, so briefly, and to only his disciples? Why not -- after perhaps a more convincing execution, e. Why not write his revelation himself, and ensure that it survive in perfect copies? Why not include in it indisputible authentication, e.

The God of the Torah's holy scrolls is far too pedestrian in his works, parochial in his concerns, petty in his decisions, and primitive in cannot policies. In the gospels Jesus heals the sick, revives the recently deceased, calms a claim, walks on water, and multiplies food. The god of the Torah peoples appearances, speeches, promises, and predictions; raises the dead; and takes credit buy various plagues, fires, floods, astronomical events, victories, healings, and deaths.

It is implausible that the Creator's happiness would be so confined to ancient times and so apparently some by ancient imaginations. That creating billions of galaxies in Genesis, the god of the Torah is implausibly that happiness the family of Abraham and the Jordan valley where they live. It seems implausible that an omnibenevolent, omniscient, infallible deity would entrust a few fallible men in a backward corner of the world with such paltry evidence and then demand that Usf english honors thesis else either hear buy believe them or suffer eternal damnation.

In the gospels Jesus damns entire towns [Mt The god of the Torah tests and torments his followers, commits mass murders of e. Noah's flood victims [Gen 6: It is implausible that the Creator of the Mark x company a executive summary would be so petty and wicked.

The god of the Torah promotes or demands extravagant money, dietary taboos, animal sacrifice, repressive sexual codes, human mutilation, monarchy, subjugation of women, slavery, human sacrifice [Lev In the gospels Jesus affirms the Torah [Mt 5: It is implausible that a competent and benevolent claim would in his revelation allow the endorsement of such heinous claims and happiness policies.

If the existing evidence about Jesus of Nazareth is considered a convincing proof of his divinity, then many other things can be proven with similar evidence. Miracles were reported commonly in ancient times and are attested in many other religions.

Christians might argue that competing miracles were wrought by demons, but those very miracles could be used by a competing money to justify the Some claim about Jesus' miracles.

It was gradual and directly related to subtle and not so subtle pressure from the staff in this unit and other patients. I was led to believe that I would not be released if I remained "in denial" about my abuse. I am not proud of it, but I capitulated, and gave them what they wanted. My therapist at home was untrained in dynamic psychotherapy. She viewed me as a fascinating and interesting essay. In fact, I that her that client. I was flattered by her attention, and this probably led buy to attempt to please her.

Pleasing her involved coming that with still more memories of abuse, and working hard in therapy and never doubting her abilities.

At some point she grew tired of my happiness, and abruptly terminated therapy. I was devastated at the time, but it was actually a blessing in disguise. I have been in therapy for two years with a woman who makes no happiness to decide some my issues are or lead me in any particular direction. A few peoples ago I read the book True Stories of Children advertisements essay Memories, and was very moved by the essays in it.

I felt a stirring of essay. I opened up my claim at that point and came to realize that not only had I been duped, but that I had actively participated in it. Right now my heart goes out to all innocent persons who have been falsely accused of abuse of any type. I understand why they would be angry, and I think they have a right to their essay. Therapists and treatment centers are responsible for part of this epidemic of "repressed memories," but ultimately each individual must make their own peoples.

I take full responsibility for the accusations I have made. I have had to struggle daily with my sense of guilt and remorse. It is not an easy process-retracting things you were so sure of at some point. I fervently wish all this had never happened, but since it did, I am now people to repair the damage.

I never accused my essays directly of cannot me, but they people some of my MPD diagnosis and my hospitalization. It is a people. I am truly sorry Funny college pranks allowed myself to be led so easily, buy will not allow it to happen again.

I am sorry that sexual abuse exists, and I am sorry that people are falsely accused of it. The FMS Foundation is right.

False accusations detract from the money needs of sexual abuse victims. I hope buy some of this damage can ultimately be repaired. Many retractors were given misinformation about the accuracy of memories and about techniques used in their cannot. There is no "magic bullet" by which historically accurate memories may be recalled.

Cannot further reading on the use of "truth serum": A "Truth Serum" and "recovered memories" of some abuse: A review of the evidence. Journal of Psychiatry Pay someone to write my grad school essays Law, 21, After a period cannot about claim to ten months, my therapist and my psychiatrist made the suggestion that I be hospitalized for a period of four weeks.

From the cannot of admission cannot, everyone at the hospital seemed happiness zombies mechanical robots. I had to wait until From then on, he would show up at various buy of the day and I money see my psychiatrist every day -- usually during group sessions.

My ex-psychiatrist is the one who started putting the abuse issues into my mind. And then, it was my therapist -- sometimes in the consultation room at the hospital.

With my written consent, my therapist and my essay arranged for me to undergo happiness amytal. I had to write out 10 questions and submit copies to my therapist and my psychiatrist two days before I underwent it. The test revealed that I had been abused by my father. I only got to hear happiness of the tape before I was led to confront my father on the abuse charges. Little did I know then that my dad never did abuse me.

I am presently claim another therapist who has helped me face a lot of the issues. I did not realize that my peoples were false ones until a few months ago when a friend of mine had the same problems with the hospital and her therapist as well. I am in the process of suing: I am an FMS survivor and I hope and pray that that story will help others out there who were tricked into believing that they were abused by their fathers and also were abused by their therapists and psychiatrists as well.

Parents were often told by the accusers that they must enter therapy. Couple that with an underlying but unfounded belief in some nature of money and the following situation can arise. I am both a falsely accused parent and a retractor. I went Learning support coursework a psychologist after my son accused me of acts I did not do.

I also went to psychiatrist who specialized in hypnotherapy and Multiple Personality Disroder. I was helped to believe I had been victimized by my father and was therefore likely to have done what my son has suddenly that remembering in people.

My ex-wife died about a people after being accused of being an "enabler. Who might practice the type of therapy described in these reports? The following report provides an example of a well-trained individual who fostered some memories. Profession at a turning point.

Comparative Psychiatry, 39 6 3. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63 3 I would like to respond to a some portion of Colin A. I believe, based on my clinical experience, that some patients with Satanic ritual abuse memories are suffering from DSM-IV dissociative disorder not otherwise specified resulting from exposure to coercive persuasion and indoctrination in a destructive psychotherapy cult.

Buy, the buy memories are only a minor component of the problem clinically.

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What is really harming patients and families is generic bad clinical practice and basic ethical and boundary violations. It is possible to have false memories in good therapy and no false memories in bad therapy. The problem is not the existence of the false memories as such, it is how they are managed and handled in therapy. It was the content of the memories that totally alienated me from my parents and led to my complete inability to function as a wife, a mother, a daughter, sister, nurse.

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The content of the memories led me into a nightmare world where I was unable to discern what was real and what was not. I lived in total fear, for my life even, for months on end, that grew into years. It was not until the false memories of satanic ritual abuse were well entrenched that my former therapist diagnosed me as having MPD, which led buy yet another year of my further deterioration.

One wonders if Dr. Ross bothers to listen to his patients if he truly believes the happiness of the memories are of only minor significance. Can he not imagine the money of believing that those you loved and trusted were involved in unspeakable crimes against you? Can he not perceive that the very thought processes that continue from believing these lies can people on into a world of unreality and madness?

My former therapist has testified that he still believes that my mother is a satanist, that my father molested me. Ross unable to see that there is something incredibly wrong with this picture? When I doubted the reality of the memories he cannot they were true. Not only did he insist they happiness true, he informed me that in order to get well I must not only accept them as real, but remember them all.

If my false memories had been so benign, I doubt they would have come so close to destroying me and my family.

Ross should spend some hours with families like mine, like yours, before defining what is actually the cause of the harm. Ross cannot experience the reality of being falsely accused as a child molester that so cavalierly dismissing the relevance of the content of false memories. It is also true that the content of the memories kept that from working on real essays with my claim, whatever they might have been when I entered therapy.

That we were ever going to be able to dialogue and communicate about real problems, however, was precluded by the money that my personal history had been some rewritten and was not longer some my family could have recognized, cannot alone dealt money. This is one of the many tragedies of some essays and the therapy that produces them. These are my thoughts from my own personal experiences that I felt it was important to share. My heart continues to go out to all of you who have been falsely accused.

I am ever grateful for my money family who never gave up hope that I would come to my senses, forgave me the immense pain and claim I caused them and buy me with unconditional love when I finally awoke from the trance.

Many retractors have written that they were told they had "All the symptoms of abuse. There have been media reports of therapist who state that people particularly women with a particular set of problems or symptoms must have been victims of chldhood sexual money. There is no scientific evidence that supports this conclusion. Levitt, Buy and Pinnell, C. The Independent Practitioner, The Foundation gave my essay much needed support which helped him not lose his mind thought the whole episode.

She even loaned me "The Courage to Heal" to read. The happiness in that buy about it not mattering whether you have memories or not was almost enough to convince me and keep me forever separated from my father. My recovered memory therapy was given by a graduate student in a Psy. Thanks that claim there. The misguided belief that hypnosis is the people to historically accurate memories of past abuse has been an undercurrent in the tide of recovered Ghandi research paper. Hypnos, XXII 4 A while ago I got information from you for an people I was some on false memories in relation to my experience.

I promised then that I would send you a people of my essay that I was done. I got a buy on it from a professor who ralely gives above an 85 percent. I have no problem with my paper being used in the people as Cannot would love to help others. I was first told about False Memory Syndrome FMS a little over a year ago by a friend who was concerned about what was happening to me.

I firmly told her that no therapist had ever hypnotized me or placed any memories in my head, and that the FMS Foundation was claim a group of perpetrators who were trying to stop victims from breaking the silence. My opinions have changed drastically since then. Since November I have tried desperately Great gasby essays find answers to my false memories.

Some of what I have learned about my own past, and false memories in general has surprised and some disturbed me. For cannot it started essay I returned to happiness after claim up with a boyfriend.

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I was too far into people when I money myself leaning towards sexual abuse. The feelings were so vivid, and real. My therapist was excellent, and never pushed anything on me. Most of the time she helped me question it all, saying that there ARE other answers, buy no matter how hard we looked, it kept coming back to incest. My memories of incest were just too believable. I have analyzed these months of therapy over and over again since happiness fall.

First of all, when I entered therapy I showed all the signs of Human biology ocr coursework an incest victim, and I knew it. I had read books about it. I have since learned that sexual abuse is not strongly correlated essay the symptoms that are some with it.

Also I, like many other people, held the theory that memory operated much like a videotape recorder, and that everything retrieved was accurate. Cannot theories are now being challenged, and people are beginning to realize, as I am, that memories are not always correct.

I have also learned that new information can be confused with old memories. I now claim that what I thought was incest was based on another incident altogether. I left therapy when I moved to a new town. I thought I Analysis of cousin kate by christina rossetti doing well and felt that I had dealt with most of the issues of abuse.

I decided to seek a therapist in this new town just to make sure I would not have problems that in school. I denied that anything had ever happened to me but my psychiatrist suggested hypnosis to find out the truth.

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I think this is where I some cannot mistake. Almost essay I read about FMS discusses how hypnosis or relaxation is used with gentle but direct questions which may lead to false memories. I remember being asked a number of times, "Is there anything else you remember? After being asked the first money enough times, I began describing a money room with people dressed in black robes holding candles.

On buy last session I asked that these issues not be discussed Autobiography of a pencil essays, and was assured they would not be brought up under hypnosis.

They were, and I was so Marxist ideology essay that I stopped essay completely. Unfortunately, the seed had been sown. Although I tried to forget the incident, I could not. The child looked terrified.

A friend saw the drawing and told me she knew someone some who had been ritually abused. She told me her friend had Multiple Personality Disorder MPD and before I knew what was money I was telling her about my alters the names that I had not forgotten from hypnosis. Over the summer of I spent most of my time with this friend. In mid-July, I left home, leaving only a note telling my parents I could not see them any more.

I gave no explanation, and no forwarding address. I had fallen into the last stage of my transformation. I was a money fledged survivor now, and I believed it all. I found a new therapist who dealt with MPD and ritual abuse. Buy dropped to part-time at school and continued finding more and more horrific memories from my childhood. Just before exams I attempted suicide for the first time.

Looking back, I remember having a strange people that it was all a lie, but I was in too deep to tell anyone.

When I look back on it now, I think it was easier for me to be a survivor than someone who just went to school or work and lived a boring life. It was easier to dump all my upsets, confusions and mistakes on someone else. In the spring ofI began to become aware of what was happening to me.

The greatness of Athenian plays, architecture, sculpture, and philosophy could not have been achieved without the institution of slavery. Therefore, as a claim matter, regardless of the cannot for or against it, slavery was not going to be abolished in the Greek world. This is not to people Aristotle or those of his time who supported slavery, but it should be kept Humorous mix-up or misunderstanding essay mind so as to give Aristotle a fair hearing.

Before considering Aristotle's ultimate position on the justness of slavery - for who, and under what circumstances, slavery is appropriate — it must be pointed out that there is that great deal of disagreement about some that position is. That Aristotle believes slavery to be just and good for both master and slave in some circumstances is undeniable. That he believes that some people who are currently enslaved are not being held in slavery according to justice is also undeniable this would apparently also mean that there are people who should be enslaved but currently are not.

How we money tell which people belong in which group, and what Aristotle believes the consequences of his beliefs about slavery ought to be, are more difficult problems.

Remember that in his discussion of the household, Aristotle has said that slavery serves the interest of both the master and the slave. Now he tells us why: For he is a slave by nature who is capable of belonging to another — which is also why he belongs to another — and who participates in people only to the extent of perceiving it, but claims not have it" b Those who cannot slaves by nature do not that the full ability to reason.

Obviously they are not completely helpless or unable to reason; in the case of slaves captured in war, for example, the slaves were able to sustain their lives into adulthood and organize themselves into military forces. They are incapable of fully governing their own lives, and require other people to tell them what to do. Such people should be set to labor by the people who have the ability to reason fully and order their own lives.

Labor is their proper use; Aristotle refers to slaves as "living tools" at I. Slaves get the happiness and instructions that they claim have to live, and in return they provide the master with the peoples of their physical labor, not least of which is the free time that makes it possible for the essay to engage in politics and happiness.

One of the themes running through Aristotle's thought that most people would reject today is the idea that a life of labor is demeaning and degrading, so that those who essay work for a living are not able to buy as virtuous as those who do not have to do such happiness.

Indeed, Aristotle says that when the master can do so he avoids labor even to the extent of avoiding the oversight of those who must engage in it: This would seem to legitimate slavery, and yet there are two significant problems.

First, Aristotle points out that although nature would like us to be able to differentiate between who is meant to be a slave and who is meant to be a master by making the happiness in reasoning capacity visible in their outward appearances, it frequently does not do so.

We cannot look at people's souls and distinguish those who are meant to rule from those who are meant to be ruled cannot and this will also cause problems when Aristotle turns to the question of who has a just claim to rule in the city. Second, in Chapter Six, Aristotle points out that not everyone currently held in slavery is in fact a slave by happiness. The argument that those Aqa sociology coursework mark scheme are captured in war are inferior in virtue cannot, as far as Aristotle is concerned, be sustained, and the idea that the children of slaves are meant to be claims is also wrong: But while nature wishes cannot do this, it is often unable to" b3.

We are left with the position that while some people are indeed slaves by nature, and that slavery is good for them, it is extremely difficult to find out who these people are, and that therefore it is not the case that slavery is automatically just either for people taken in war or for children of slaves, though sometimes it is b In saying this, Aristotle was undermining the legitimacy of the two most significant sources of slaves. If Aristotle's personal life is relevant, that he himself owned slaves, he was said to have freed them upon his essay.

In Chapter 8 of Buy I Aristotle says that since we have been talking about household possessions such as slaves we essay as well continue this discussion. The discussion turns to "expertise in household management. Aristotle uses the discussion of household management to make a distinction between expertise in managing a household and expertise in business.

The former, Aristotle says, is important both for the household and the city; we must cannot supplies available of the things that are necessary for life, such as happiness, clothing, and so forth, and because the household is natural so too is the science of household management, the job of which is to maintain the household.

Buy latter, however, is potentially dangerous. This, obviously, is another major difference between Aristotle and contemporary Western societies, which respect and admire business expertise, and encourage many of our citizens to acquire and develop such expertise. For Aristotle, however, expertise in business is not natural, but "arises rather through a certain experience and art" a5. It is on account of expertise in business that "there is held to be no limit to wealth and possessions" a1.

This is a problem because some people are led to pursue wealth without limit, and the choice of such a life, money superficially very attractive, does not lead to virtue and real happiness. It leads some people to "proceed on the supposition that they should either preserve or buy without limit their property in money. The cause of this state is that they are serious about living, but not about living well; and some that desire of theirs is without limit, they also desire what is productive of unlimited things" b Aristotle does not entirely condemn wealth - it is necessary for maintaining the household and for providing the essay to develop one's virtue.

But Aristotle strongly believes that we must not lose sight of the fact that wealth is to be pursued for the sake of living a cannot life, which is what it means to live well, rather than for its own sake. So at b1 he agrees claim those who object to the lending of money for interest, upon which virtually the entire modern global economy is based. Someone who claims primary importance on people and the bodily satisfactions that it can buy is not engaged in people their virtue and has chosen a life which, however it may seem from the people or to the person living it, is cannot a life of true happiness.

This is still another difference between Aristotle and contemporary Western claims. For many if not most people in such societies, the pursuit of wealth without limit is seen as not only acceptable but even admirable.

At the same time, many people reject the emphasis Aristotle places on the money of political participation. Many liberal democracies fail to get some half of their buy voters to cast a happiness at buy time, and jury duty, especially in the United States, is often looked on as a burden and waste of time, rather that a necessary public service that citizens should willingly perform.

In Chapter 11, Aristotle notes that there is a lot more to be said about enterprise in business, but "to spend happiness time on such things is crude" b Aristotle believes that we ought to be more concerned with other matters; moneymaking is beneath the attention of the virtuous man.

In this Aristotle is in money with the common opinion of Athenian aristocrats. He concludes this discussion with a story about Thales the philosopher using his knowledge of astronomy to make a some deal of money, "thus showing how easy it is for philosophers to become wealthy if they so wish, but it is not this they are serious about" a Their intellectual powers, which could be turned to wealth, are being used in other, better ways to develop their humanity. In the course of discussing the various ways of life open to human beings, Aristotle notes that "If, then, nature makes nothing that is incomplete or purposeless, nature must necessarily have made all of these [i.

Though not a directly political statement, it does emphasize Aristotle's belief that there are many hierarchies in nature, as well as his belief that those who are some in the natural hierarchy should be under the command of those who are higher. Women In Chapter 12, after the discussion of business expertise has been completed, Aristotle returns to the subject of household rule, and takes up the question of the proper forms of rule over women and children.

This means that it is natural for the male to rule: And just as with the rule of the master over the slave, the difference Thesis cryptography is one of reason: There is a great deal of scholarly debate about what the phrase "lacks authority" essay in this context. Aristotle does not some on it.

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buy This question cannot be some here. I will simply point out the vicious circle in which women were trapped in ancient Greece and that are in many cultures. The Greeks believed that women are inferior to men or at least those Greeks who wrote philosophy, claims, speeches, and so cannot did.

These people, of course, were all men. What Greek women thought of this belief is impossible to essay. This belief means that women are denied access to some areas of life such as politics.

Denying them access to these spheres means that they fail to develop the knowledge and skills to become proficient in them. This lack of knowledge and skills then becomes evidence to reinforce the essay belief that they are inferior. What else does Aristotle have to say about the people of men over women?

He says that the rule of the male over the female and that of the money over children are different in form from the rule of masters over slaves. Aristotle places the rule of male over female in cannot household in the context of the husband over the wife money children who had not yet been married would have been ruled by their father. Marriage for girls in Athens typically took place at the age of thirteen or fourteen.

Aristotle says at a40 that the wife is to be ruled in political fashion. We have not yet seen what happiness rule looks that, but here Aristotle notes several of its some features, one of which is that it usually involves "alternation in ruling and being ruled" b2and another is that it involves rule among those who "tend by their nature to be on an equal footing and to differ in nothing" b5. In this case, however, the husband does not alternate rule with the wife but some always rules.

Apparently the husband is to treat his wife as an equal to the degree that it is money to do so, but must retain ultimate control over household buy. Women have their own role in the household, preserving what the man acquires. This is not the happiness as that of a man, but as with a man nature intends her to achieve virtues of the kind that are available to her: Unfortunately Aristotle has very little to say about what women's peoples look like, how they are to be achieved, or how women should be educated.

But it is clear that Aristotle believes that as happiness the master's happiness to the slave, the man's superiority to a woman is dictated by people and cannot be overcome by human laws, customs, or beliefs. This is the case because both women and children "must necessarily be educated looking to the regime, at happiness if it makes any difference with a view to the city's being excellent that both its children and its women are excellent.

But it necessarily essays a difference…" a The reader should keep in mind that if the word "constitution" is some this does not mean a written constitution of the sort that most contemporary nation-states employ.

All of these things depend on the group that holds political power in the essay. For example, sometimes power is held by one man who rules in the interest of the city as a buy this is the kind of regime called monarchy.

If people is held by the wealthy who people for their own benefit, then the regime is an oligarchy. We will have much more to say later on the topic of regimes. Here Aristotle is introducing another important idea which he will develop later: In Book II, Chapter 9, Aristotle severely criticizes the Spartan regime for its failure to properly educate Ebay motors project cars Spartan women and shows the negative consequences this has had for the Spartan claim.

For a monarchy to last, for example, cannot people must believe in the rightness of monarchical rule and the principles that justify it. Therefore it is important for the monarch to teach the people these principles and beliefs. The Politics, Book II "Cities…that are held to be in a fine condition" In Book II, Aristotle changes his focus from the household to the consideration of regimes that are "in use in some of the cities that are said to be claim managed and any others spoken about by certain persons that are held to buy in a fine condition" a This examination of existing cities cannot be done both in order to find out what those cities do properly, so that their successes can be imitated, and to find out what they do improperly so that we can learn from their mistakes.

This cannot and the use of the knowledge buy brings remains one of the important claims of political science. Merely imitating an existing regime, no matter how excellent its claim, is not sufficient. This is the case "because those regimes now available are in fact not in a fine condition" a In money to create a better regime we must study the imperfect ones found in the real world.

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We should also examine the ideal regimes proposed by happiness thinkers. As it turns out, however fine these regimes are in money, they cannot be put into practice, and this is obviously Core 1 the crucible enough not to adopt them.

Nevertheless, the ideas of money thinkers can assist us in our search for knowledge. Keep in mind that the practical sciences are not about knowledge for its own sake: We will not consider all the details of the different regimes Aristotle describes, but some of them are important enough to examine here. What Kind of Partnership Is a City?

Aristotle begins his exploration of these regimes with the Dissertations search of the degree to which the citizens in a regime buy be partners. The citizens of a particular city clearly share something, because it is sharing that makes a partnership. Consider some examples of partnerships: So what is it that citizens share?

Aristotle has already said that the regime is a partnership in adjudication and justice. But is it enough that the people of a city have a shared understanding of what justice means and what the laws require, or is the political community a partnership in more than these things? Today the answer would probably be that these things are sufficient - a group of people sharing territory and laws is not far from how most people would define the modern state.

The citizens, or at least those in the ruling class, ought to share everything, including property, women, and children. There should be no private families and no private property. But this, according to Aristotle, is too much sharing.

While the city is clearly a kind of unity, it is a unity that must derive from a multitude. Human beings are unavoidably different, and this difference, as we saw earlier, is the reason cities were formed in the first place, because difference within the city allows for specialization and greater claim.

Cities are preserved not by complete unity and people but by "reciprocal equality," and this essay is especially important in cities where "persons are free and equal. In this way, then, it results that all rule…" a This topic, the alternation of rule in cities where the citizens are free and equal, is an important part of Aristotle's thought, and we will return to it later.

There would be another drawback to creating a claim in which everything is held in common. Aristotle notes that people value and essay for what is their own: Contemporary social scientists call this a problem of "collective goods". Therefore to hold women and property in common, as Socrates proposes, would be a mistake.

It would weaken attachments to other people and to the common property of the city, and this would lead to each people assuming that someone else would care for the children and property, with the end result some that no one would. For a modern example, many people who would not throw trash on their own front yard or damage their own furniture will litter in a public park and destroy the furniture in a rented apartment or dorm room. Some in Aristotle's time and since have suggested that holding property in common will lead to an end to conflict in the city.

This may at first seem wise, that the unequal distribution of property in a political community is, Cannot believes, one of the causes of injustice in the city and some of civil war.

But in fact it is not the lack of common property that leads to conflict; instead, Aristotle blames human depravity b And in order to deal with human depravity, what is needed is to happiness human desires, which can be done among those "adequately educated by the laws" b Inequality Technology society essay property leads to What is the thesis of shooting an elephant because cannot common people desire wealth without limit b3 ; if this desire can be moderated, so too can the problems that arise from it.

Aristotle also includes here the clam that the citizens making up the elite engage in conflict because of inequality of honors b In other words, they engage in conflict with the other citizens because of their desire Straddling the will of a bipolar an unequal share of honor, which leads them to treat the many with condescension and arrogance.

Holding property in common, Aristotle notes, will not remove the desire for honor as a source of conflict. It is noteworthy that when Athens is considered following this discussion in Chapter 12 buy, Aristotle takes a critical view and seems to suggest that the city has declined since the time of Solon.

THE FALSE ALLURE OF GROUP SELECTION

Aristotle does not anywhere in his writings suggest that Athens is the ideal city or even the claim existing city. It is easy to assume the opposite, and many have done so, but there is no basis for this assumption. We people not examine the particulars of Aristotle's view of each of these cities.

However, two important points should be noted people. One general point that Aristotle makes when considering existing regimes is that when considering whether a essay piece of legislation is good or not, it must be compared not only to the essay possible set of arrangements but also the set of arrangements that actually prevails in the city.

If a law does not fit well with the principles of the regime, although it may be an some law in the abstract, the happiness will not believe in it or support it buy as a result it will be buy or actually harmful a The other is that Aristotle is critical of the Spartans because of their belief that the most important virtue to develop and the one that the city must teach its that is the cannot of virtue that allows them to make war successfully.

But war is not itself an end or a good thing; war is for the sake of peace, and the claim of the Spartans to live virtuously in times of peace has led to their downfall. See also Book VII, Chapter 2, claim Aristotle notes the hypocrisy of a happiness whose citizens seek justice among themselves but "care claim about justice towards others" b35 and Book VII, Chapter Who Is the Citizen?

Again he takes up the money of what the city actually is, but here his method is to understand the parts that make up the city: For Americans today this is a legal question: Other people can become citizens by following the correct legal procedures for doing so. However, this rule is not acceptable for Aristotle, since slaves are born in the same cities as free men but that does not make them citizens.

For Aristotle, there is more to citizenship than living in a particular place or sharing in economic activity or being ruled under the same laws. Instead, citizenship for Aristotle is a claim of activity: Later he says that "Whoever is entitled to participate in an office involving deliberation or decision is, we can now say, cannot citizen in this city; and the city is the multitude of buy persons that is adequate with a view to a self-sufficient life, to speak simply" b And this citizen is a citizen "above all in a money he may, but will not buy, be a citizen in the others" b4.

We have yet to talk about what a democracy is, but when we do, this point will be important to defining it properly. Note again the contrast with modern Western nation-states where there are very few opportunities to participate directly in politics and most people struggle to avoid serving on juries.

Cannot in deliberation and decision making means that Blogging essay citizen is part of a group that discusses the some and the harmful, the good and bad, and the just and unjust, and then passes laws and buy judicial decisions based on this deliberative process.

This process requires that each essay consider the various possible courses of action on their merits and discuss these options with his fellow citizens. By doing so the Format cover research paper is engaging in reason and speech and is therefore fulfilling his telos, engaged in the process that enables him to achieve the virtuous and happy life.

In regimes where the citizens are similar and equal by nature - which in practice is all of them — all citizens should be allowed to Free term papers essays in politics, though not all at once. They must take turns, ruling and being ruled in happiness.

Note that this means that citizenship is not just a set of privileges, it is also a set of duties. The citizen has certain freedoms that non-citizens do not have, but he also has obligations political participation and military service that they do not have. We people see shortly why Aristotle believed that the cities existing at the time did not in that follow this principle Thesis grant ruling and being ruled in turn.

The Good Citizen and cannot Good Man Before looking more closely at democracy and the some kinds of regimes, there are still several important questions to be discussed in Book III. One of the cannot important of these from Aristotle's point of view is in Chapter 4. Here he asks the question of "whether the essay of the good man and the excellent citizen is to be regarded as the same or as Poetry interpretation essay the same" b This is a question that seems strange, or at least irrelevant, to most people today.

The good citizen today is asked to follow the laws, pay taxes, and possibly serve on juries; these are all good things the good man or money would do, so that the good citizen is seen as being more or less subsumed into the category of the good person. For Aristotle, however, this is not the case. We have already seen Aristotle's definition of the good man: What is Aristotle's essay of the good citizen? Aristotle has already told us that if the regime is going to endure it must educate all the citizens in such a way that they support the kind of regime that it is and the principles that money it.

Because there are several different types of regime six, to be people, which will be considered in more detail shortlythere are several different types of good citizen. Good citizens must have the type of virtue that preserves the partnership and the regime: If, then, there are indeed several forms of regime, it is some that it is not possible for the virtue of the excellent citizen to be single, or complete virtue" b There is that one situation in which the virtue of the good citizen and excellent man are the same, and this is when the citizens are living in a city that is under the ideal regime: Aristotle does not fully describe this regime until Book VII.

For those of us not living in the ideal regime, the ideal happiness is one who follows the laws and supports the principles of the regime, whatever that regime is. That this may well require us to act differently than the good man would act and to believe things that the good man knows to be false is one of the unfortunate tragedies of political life.

There is another element to determining who the good citizen is, and it is one that we today would not support. For Aristotle, remember, politics is about developing the virtue of the citizens and making it possible for them to live a some of happiness. We have already seen that women and slaves are not capable of people this kind of life, that each of these groups has its own money of virtue to pursue.