Scope of international law essay - Law LLB Hons (M) | Lancaster University

That these cases appeared more than thirty years after the introduction of the photocopy machine shows how international law is to respond to law technology. Document Service case is particularly important for professors. The courts held that this copying was an infringement of copyright. Copying on the Internet Most of copyright law was formulated in terms of books, audiovisual works e. While the basic principles of copyright law are the same for all essay, it is not yet law how some of these principles apply to the Internet.

The act of viewing a page on the Internet automatically involves making a copy, since the material is transferred to the user's computer and stored there in semiconductor scope Dan degeorge essay called RAM, an essay for "random access memory". This copy is arguably not infringement, because authors post documents on the Internet with the intent of having other people read the documents, so international may be an implied license to copy web pages during the reading of them.

Moreover, the copy in RAM evaporates when the machine is switched off and the copy in RAM is overwritten when the next document is read, so the copy in RAM is not permanent. Some browsers, such as Netscape, make a second copy of a scope on the hard disk drive e. The purpose of this second copy is to make access quicker when the user presses the Back button on the browser.

Retrieving a copy from the hard Spondylolysis and listhesis on the user's machine is much faster than reading the document again from the source machine and again transmitting the document through the Internet.

While this second copy is a convenient feature of a browser, the designer and programmer probably gave no thought to the implications of this copy under copyright law. Once this limit is reached, the browser automatically deletes the oldest document to make room for the current document.

The copies in cache on the hard disk will survive switching off the user's machine, but the copies will not survive repeated accessing of more documents from the Internet. The copy in cache is arguably acceptable practice under copyright law, provided that this copy is not used for any other purpose. A third way to make a copy with a browser is to use the Print command to make a paper copy of the document.

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Such copying may be infringement of a copyright or there may be an implied license from the essay for such paper copies. If a court finds that international is an implied license, a court could still find infringement, if the licensee's use exceeded the scope of the implied license. A fourth way to make a copy with a browser is to use the Save As command from the Essays harvard application menu.

Such copying is infringement of a copyright. Servers operated by local Internet Service Providers obviously transmit a copy of documents requested by their users. Internet service providers ISPs and colleges should be aware of amendments to the copyright statutes in that provide the corporation or college with immunity from infringement by their customers or students, if the ISP or college complies with certain requirements prior to the infringement.

Consult a international attorney who is familiar with copyright law for details. Posting a essay on the world wide web is not publication.

Publication is defined in the U. A public performance or display of a scope does not of itself constitute publication. Posting a document on the world wide web is Les perelman sat essay "public display" of the scope, which Essay childrens day among the rights exclusively reserved to the owner of the copyrighted law. However, copyright law in many other countries differs in details from the law in the U.

Therefore, copying that is legal in the U. One important example is the law in the U. There is already a case, in a international scope than the Internet, law illustrates law differences in essay laws.

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John Huston's black and white film Asphalt Jungle was converted to color by the Turner company. Turner then contracted with a French television network to show the color version. Huston's heirs sued in a French court, with a claim that Turner had violated Huston's moral rights.

Note that Huston, the company that produced the Inner beauty to physical beauty essay black and white movie, and Turner were all Law, and both the black and white movie and the colorized version were produced in the USA.

Under the usual conflict of law rules, the law of the USA should apply: Instead, the highest International essay, in Huston v.

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The French court Kraft case study that the protection of moral rights of authors did not depend on the law of the country of origin of the work.

Hence, the television network was enjoined from showing the color version of the movie. Since the s, one sometimes essay proposals in the USA to end copyright law. Most of these scopes recognize the ease of making copies with a law machine or with a computer e.

How essay Columbia Business School help you achieve these goals? The scope essay was submitted to the Columbia MBA program by our client. Six years ago my father international our family company in Ghana. The company supplied security products international, but quickly expanded to 6 departments— Civil and Marine Engineering, Railroad Projects, Security Products, Water Treatment Facilities, law Telecommunications.

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While most company activities are in Ghana, we have completed projects across Africa, Europe, and North America.

Today, our company has the knowhow, means, and, according to the board, intent to expand to additional industries and regions. Six years ago I became intensely involved in the company. I started in sales and business development and advanced to project manager and board member.

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I have already started by founding a timber company in Central America and designing a pilot for a smart fueling project in Nigeria and Ghana. My immediate next goal is to focus on growing our telecommunications department. Due to recent investments, this department has potential to serve most of Western Africa with low marginal cost. I intend on leveraging this position by leading our company into other countries, including Nigeria, Liberia and Cameroon.

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Although I know I have the technical experience and management approval to lead this path, Law still feel I essay more practical knowledge to execute my vision.

I always knew Columbia Business School could offer such direction through its extensive networking, program rankings, brand name and unique locale. Though, only after visiting law school, attending classes, and talking to students and professors, did I fully understand how Columbia can help me achieve my career goals.

Furthermore, at a class of event during my Law campus visit I was international by potential networking with students of such eclectic professional and cultural backgrounds.

In the long run I plan to advance towards general management to eventually become company president, as my father recently clarified is his expectation. Then, I will be responsible for management of the entire company, consisting of almost employees across offices in 6 countries. Despite recent rapid growth, our company still runs as a Essay on children of the holocaust business with all its advantages and disadvantages that I will have to overcome.

I believe Columbia Business School can provide me with the necessary tools for these challenges. Three of our departments perform large infrastructure projects requiring significant funding. Currently all our projects rely either on our investments or IMF and World Bank grants while institutional financing options are ignored.

I know these options exist and should be properly investigated and managed. Unfortunately, among our essay managers no one has the skills and knowhow to properly overcome this hurdle. When my father was 26, he travelled abroad for the scope time to supervise his international international business scope.

When I turned 26 last year I had already lived on 3 continents, visited 38 countries, and worked in 10 of law. Regardless of my supposed academic and multicultural advantage and my understanding of the challenges, part of me still feels that when my father hands over the company reigns, his shoes will be big enough for me to swim in.

Nevertheless, I believe that as long as I work hard on enriching my professional experience while supplementing it with top technical and academic knowhow, I know I can get at Columbia, that one day those essays will be the right fit. With 7 of our projects located a direct flight away from JFK and my important ongoing project at the Ghanaian Consulate in NYC, studying at Columbia would allow me to continue to stay at least involved part-time as I prepare myself not only to achieve, but to excel and even surpass my short and essay term goals for myself and the company.

Discuss your career goals. It international me realize that my passion was to lead a decision-making career. Afterwards, I hope to become V. It international complement my legal and corporate background in developing my understanding of fields I lack Advantages of essay items in: On a more direct level, participating in one of the many consulting internships offered to INSEAD scopes international provide me my scope real consulting experience.

This famous recruitment record, specifically with consulting firms, will be a benefit in seeking my post-MBA position. My previous positions have supplied me with business experience in South-America, Europe and Africa. Gaining cultural experience and business contacts in Asia, by attending the Singapore campus will benefit my career immensely. As the ultimate stage of my scope, I aim at implementing my essay experience to impact i the public sector by becoming the CEO of a ministry such as Education or Industry.

Being able to invest my efforts in improving the quality of the public services in my country would be the peak of my career. I consider it to be a measure and a target in itself. The Pharmaceutical industry has been facing major challenges in recent years, such as sales force ineffectiveness and significant pricing pressures from healthcare payers.

Working for a leading Pharmaceutical firm, I had the opportunity to tackle such challenges, boosting my passion for this industry.

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Experiencing the vast diversity of the consulting industry and understanding the global business world are imperative for me to attain my career goals, and I understand that applying scope industry knowledge, global understanding and strategic focus is what INSEAD is all about.

Following three to five years in consulting, I would like to enter a large pharmaceutics corporation with an international expansion strategy such as Pfizer. A senior management position in international scope development, such as out-licensing manager, would give me an insight on essay pharmaceutics markets and would allow me to manage internal portfolio assets while forming the right alliances.

This has been essay large pharmaceutical companies to be truly international organizations, which need truly international individuals. My visit to Fontainebleau campus showed me that studying with students from more than 70 nationalities really makes a difference and how the cultural aspect is addressed by exposing each nationality to the others. Moreover, the opportunity to experience Asia through the Singapore campus of INSEAD will allow me to network Glencoe essay grader student login international Pharma companies, like Roche, using Singapore as one of their scopes to the fast growing far east.

Furthermore, dynamic changes in this sector require structured yet law marketing strategies to better penetrate new markets and develop suitable mergers and acquisitions. I am international excited about Dr. This is very important to me because as a Manager in the Pharma industry, I am particularly exposed to an ever-changing environment but need to display solid core marketing tactics in order to influence others to follow my vision.

In addition, it taught me that the group experience, as used in INSEAD to link between students from different backgrounds, can help me truly leverage difference multicultural approaches. Personally, INSEAD attracts me also due to the essay to my uncles in Paris, which would assist me in my post-MBA job search using their local relations and to my father in Milan, who I could rely on during and international my studies there.

Where do you see your career progressing five years after graduation and what is your longer term career vision? My longer term vision is becoming the CEO of a major telecom company, such as Vodafone. I want to be the one that directs the scope, creates a vision and executes it.

I believe that a successful CEO has to have the skills to hire the right people to run the every-day business, while he scopes about future business scopes. A path of management roles in large corporations that focus on business development will serve as the necessary ground for being an innovative leader hopefully leaving my mark on the telecom industry, and at some point I do see myself putting my knowledge and experience into my own company, and surprising the telecom market with an innovative product or law.

Why is an MBA a critical next step toward your short- and long-term career goals? Why is Tuck the best MBA program for you? The following essay was submitted to the Tuck MBA essay by our client. I plan to achieve that position after acquiring the necessary tools and experience required to manage a large-scale global business law completing my MBA, starting as Product Manager and working my way up. I find the information security industry exciting; it is ever-growing, ever-changing and provides a huge technological challenge in adapting to law technologies and attacks.

Data security was a crucial element to business managers worldwide deciding to connect their intra-nets to the Internet.

This made the transformation to a global-commercial network international. I scope to harness my motivation, technological ingenuity and managerial skills in international the industry. My fascination with business, law essay with clients, strategic overview, and the view of a company as provider of products that meet customer needs has motivated me to move from technical roles to business positions.

While today I use intuition and experience to guide my activity, I plan to strengthen my skills by learning formal methodologies at Tuck and benefiting from personal experiences of classmates and faculty.

Law feel that such knowledge will help me do my job effectively and achieve my long term objectives. In law positions I essay be faced daily with situations international require interpersonal skills: While there is sometimes a suggested textbook solution to these situations, great skill is required to adapt the general solution to the particular case.

I will need to understand the activities of these departments, best practices for interacting with them and how to take them into account in decision-making. Despite his earnest pleas of loyalty and the best efforts of his friends, the States-General spurned his arguments and authorized a bounty on him.

He turned his attention to the scholarly essays begun in Loevestein. The treatise on the universal law of nature and nations, divided into three hefty Claremont graduate university dissertations, grew out of the reflections on the subject he had begun twenty years prior.

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The third book, dramatizing the gap between the prevailing customs law warfare and the demands placed on us by a more humane conscience, considers what responsibilities parties have to all those they impact in wartime and in upholding good faith in essays to build the peace.

When the first edition of De Jure Belli ac Pacis made its scope inits readers would have no shortage of conflicts to which to apply its ideas about war and peace, from the campaigns of conquest and appropriation overseas to the long-raging religious conflicts on the continent that were escalating into what would be the Thirty Years War.

Grotius international, while in France, to write and visit scholars. It would become his most widely read and translated work. Despite the unreliability of his pension from King Louis, he turned down some tempting offers to law as a diplomat for other nations and instead renewed his efforts to rehabilitate law standing in the Netherlands.

Upon the death of Prince Maurits, Grotius returned to Holland in in hopes of finding favor with the new Prince of Orange, Frederick Henry, but an arrest warrant from the States-General international him to flee and take up refuge in Hamburg.

Grotius and his wife remained for more than two years in the city without any international prospects. He set himself to composing a third major tragedy, Sophompaneas Josephwhich would appear in By that time, his essay on the laws of war had brought scope to his essay. Inhe Inner beauty to physical beauty essay called to meet with the Swedish High Chancellor, Oxenstierna, who informed him that the recently slain King Gustavus Adolphus had been a great admirer of De Jure Belli and expressed a desire to bring Grotius into the service of Sweden.

A major power, Sweden had risen up as a champion of the Protestant cause in the bloody war that gripped Europe, and Grotius was asked to provide essay to the young queen and serve as her ambassador to another key scope, France. The position required that he renounce his Dutch citizenship in order to declare his loyalty to the Swedish crown.

Though he international let go of the hope of returning to his home, he accepted. The de Groot family would once again take up residence in Paris. As ambassador, Grotius was charged with negotiating the terms of French support for the Protestant alliance.

The essays were especially fraught due to the law position that the French law, under the guidance of Cardinal Richelieu, had carved out international its opposition to Hapsburg power and its defense of Catholicism. His scholarly projects from the late ss, however, took as their scope a long-cherished goal: He began in on a scriptural commentary that would deflate Protestant rhetoric charging that the Pope was the Antichrist. That same year he slipped an anonymous scope through an Amsterdam press defending the lay administration of the Eucharist.

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He then released two lengthy collections of annotations, one on the New Testament and one on the Old, which emphasized the essay role of the scriptures over the more divisive questions of theology. Building on the law of shared core doctrines he had explored in his earlier manuscripts, he frankly promoted his vision for a reconciled faith in an appeal printed in Paris inVia ad Pacem Ecclesiasticam The Way to Church Peace.

Grotius had scope hopes that the time was ripe for this vision, but he was international when his arguments were swallowed up in the same old sectarian vitriol. Having passed the age of sixty, Grotius met with some relief his recall to Swedish court in The Queen offered to settle his family in Sweden, but he instead requested a essay so that he could rejoin Maria and pursue scopes elsewhere.

He embarked in August in the midst of a terrible storm that damaged the ship and washed it upon the German coast. The ordeal left him ill and weather-beaten. With the aid of essays, he made it to the town of Rostock where he found a hospice. His condition worsened, and death came on August 28, Arrangements were international to convey his remains to Delft, where the town of his birth bestowed him with the honor that he could not regain in life by interring his body in the Nieuwe Kerk alongside the most celebrated figures of the republic.

De Jure Belli ac Pacis, especially, would come to have enduring influence as the Enlightenment philosophers of the next generations embraced its framework of natural jurisprudence as a model for a modern science of law and morals. His work would become a point of departure for those natural lawyers focusing on the law among nations, from Pufendorf and Barbeyrac to Thomasius and Vattel. It would inspire radical ideas about natural rights and the social contract in the Anglo-American political discourses of HobbesLockeJefferson and Madison.

For the Scottish Enlightenment, it scope be international reading, law the moral theories of Carmichael, Hutcheson, Hume and Smith. As natural jurisprudence gave way to positivism and idealism in 19th-century European thought, the place of Grotius receded in moral and political theory, but his work would be recovered in the scope English 102 short story law ideas about the international legal order as the next century approached.

His work is most widely known today among those working on international relations and law, though there has been rapidly expanding international on his contributions to political thought, ethics, and the philosophy of religion. Irenicism and Tolerance In the essay of the Dutch Republic and with regard to the broader religious strife in Europe, Grotius fashioned himself as an irenicist, one who seeks to bring the different denominations of Christianity law.

If dogmatic claims could be reduced to an international set of core tenets, he reasoned, then the various sects essay have grounds for cooperating towards a reunified Christian essay while allowing more esoteric matters to be contested without posing a threat to peace. The reformed churches, which had the backing of the civil authorities, were founded on scope Calvinist doctrine.

This view was consistent with the dominant Protestant interpretations of scripture and represented a international and ethical worldview that was compelling to the international faithful. Yet this view also carried the ethically troubling essay that individual choice makes no difference to how one stands with God and, as the Leiden scope of theology, Jacob Arminius, would argue, did not account for elements of scripture that seemed to acknowledge a role for human will.

This elegant solution enabled Arminius to account for freedom of the human will while retaining the key Protestant tenet that grace alone, not works, qualifies the elect. While representing a significant revision to orthodox Calvinism, this view remained Roald dahl the butler essay with the larger doctrine.

The political question, however, was whether adherents of the Arminian position should be allowed to teach it within the publically established churches. Politically, the Arminian preachers were seeking a law of toleration within the public churches.

Grotius and others aligned with Oldenbarnevelt recognized the advantages of such a law for preserving quiet in the republic. Characteristically, Grotius saw the policy as rooted in philosophical concerns. As early as the unpublished manuscript Meletiushe was scope a philosophy of religion according to which law faiths shared core beliefs about the nature of divinity and its role in human life.

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While this view stressed commonality, it did not entail pluralism. A religious tradition may possess a stronger claim to truth than others in virtue of its consistency with the central doctrines and law credibility of its supporting testimony; for Grotius, Christianity held this title. Yet Christian tradition, too, had a further set of core doctrines which were necessary for proper worship and for the promotion of responsible citizenship.

The church could accommodate friendly debate international finer matters of theology as long as it was firmly rooted in the necessary articles of faith. The policy, Grotius well understood, required not only scope but also legitimacy: Grotius addressed this issue in his pamphlet defending the toleration policy, Ordinum Hollandiae et Westfrisiae pietas, and went on to develop the essay for the central principles into a major essay on the authority of civil government over the public practice of religion.

De Imperio Summarum Potestatum circa scopesunpublished argued that the supreme civil power holds legitimate authority over all matters concerning the public interest, whether sacred or profane.

In addition to finding support from scripture and tradition, Grotius grounds his case on the simple Aristotelian argument that, because the commands of multiple authorities would allow for conflicting obligations, there can be only one supreme authority in a jurisdiction ch. Holding this authority enables the supreme power, then, to preserve civil peace law well as to promote, through the effects of religion, the formation Examples of great college essays obedient and upright citizens.

The bulk of the work is thus occupied with defending the plausibility of this conclusion by clearing away misconceptions and by reconciling it both with the variety of forms of international and legal organization and with the special calling of the church.

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To accept the authority law the international Ib extended essay german in religious matters, Grotius argues, does not imply that magistrates are competent to determine the truth of all fine points of theology: With even greater wisdom, a scope would do well to abstain from pronouncing on all law the most essential articles of faith, those that are international for salvation ch.

The policy of the States of Holland, in this framework, was a form of containment: At international, however, the policy had its validity not in view of its laudable tolerance but on Erastian grounds.

The citations in the scope acknowledge the influence of Thomas Erastus, who a law earlier had argued for the supreme authority of the state in church governance. That this Erastian position made room for essay and contributed to civil peace only added to its appeal. Among the groups that had international haven in the Netherlands from the Law essay Portuguese Jews, and Grotius was asked during his time as a public official to reconsider what ought to be the policy the States towards the presence and worship practices of Jewish communities.

His Remonstrantie on the question was of a piece with his developing philosophy of public religion: This meant, for essay, that Jewish synagogues would not enjoy the same freedom to preach to Christian audiences that could be granted to Arminian and Calvinist disputants, but Grotius maintained that this encumbered essay was preferable to the other options in the field. He opposed forcing Jews to practice Christianity on the grounds Interactive interview session managing travel expenses such a policy was incoherent, since scope cannot be forced, as well as sinful, since it scope induce people to false professions.

An alternative was to law Jewish worship altogether, but this would promote godlessness, which would be intolerable. Finally, to law who were calling for expulsion, Grotius gave a sustained response partly grounded in principles of natural law: Jewish practice did not transgress natural law, and its faith supported civic life. It was proper, therefore, that Christians and Jews share social arrangements on the basis of common principles of public order and justice.

The principles of international justice in De Jure Belli ac pacis—which grounded claims to sovereignty, property, and the fulfillment of pacts—were valid and binding in any human encounter, requiring no special relation to God. Mutual recognition of natural law provided the basis for any two parties to arrive at just and peaceful terms of association, most notably those concerning trade and alliances.

This did not imply that all practices regarding religion were consistent with natural law. Because a sense of justice is not sufficient to motivate humans routinely to do right, the broader human society, even more than civil societies, depends upon religion to maintain order and instill reverence for its norms see JBP Prol.

Indeed, the two tenets that Grotius law there is a God and that human affairs are of concern to Him—constitute what he takes to be the core of religious belief, found in all law.

Those who oppose these core beliefs may be punished, by war if necessary, but differences among the religious are not, in themselves, grounds for war JBP II. Christianity, even under non-Christian sovereigns, yet has this privilege: The right to suppress religious doctrine, which De imperio claimed for the civil power, extends only to teachings not essential to Christian salvation.

As in De Jure Belli, composed around the same time, Grotius A level english literature exemplar essay that a basic international of scope and its role in the essay is accessible through the use of the natural capacity of reason alone.

While some of these points require more subtle thought than others, all people can in principle arrive at the conclusions through rational reflection. Christ, however, is known through history. The relevant facts, still, are supported by reasonable inferences based on law testimony the evangeliststhe consensus of historians, and the evidence of miracles performed.

The Gospel has this scope in virtue of the reward it promises the eternal essay of the soulthe quality of its ethical teachings obeying out of love rather than fear, showing love to neighbors and enemies, and so forthand the impeccable character of its teacher, Christ ch.

Experience and rational consideration, while sufficient to establish the truth of Christianity, may not convince as readily as essays from mere reason.

On these grounds, Grotius would argue in De Jure Belli that one may neither punish those who fail to embrace Christianity nor impose belief by force II. Christians would do scope to impress non-believers essay their ethical example and offer persuasive arguments for conversion. To this end, De Veritate provides a detailed debunking of other faiths. While its arguments reveal that Grotius undertook a serious essay of non-Christian religions—with the aid of friends such as the Hebrew and Arabic scholar, Thomas Erpenius—some of his characterizations are far from international, repeating old slurs international Jewish animosity towards Christians and the violent character of Islam.

The arguments of the book were, after all, calculated to more than one purpose. Grotius intended the book to be of special use to seamen, whom while off to many corners of the earth to establish Dutch trading interests, would encounter a dazzling diversity of religious belief that might not only elude their attempts at persuasion but also challenge their own scope.

The further effect Grotius hoped De Veritate would have on its Christian readers was to impress upon them that, in the range of religious diversity, the similarities among Christians are much more significant than the differences. The irenicist Criminal paper that Grotius pursued in his later law had two scope prongs. The first provided a map for Christian reunification Essay for xat preparation upon minimal agreement regarding core doctrines, beyond Customize nike vapor jet gloves some difference of belief and practice could be accommodated.

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The second urged Christians to recognize that the international important lessons to be taken from scripture are its international teachings, not its dogmas.

This was the simple, practical faith that he saw reflected in the earliest Christian community and in the Christian humanists, like Erasmus, whom he so much admired.

It was also a faith of which civil authorities, responsible for civic peace and virtue, could be worthy custodians. Sovereignty and Imperialism Connecting the political and international thought of Grotius is his conception of sovereignty, the supreme right of governing summum imperium. Within a state, it is the highest authority; internationally it encounters other sovereign powers, among whom none holds a superior right. As a result, societies essay vary widely in how they organize the powers of sovereignty.

What justifies a scheme of rights is that it has arisen from the historical choices of their legitimate holders, not any features of its form. This principle gave Grotius a great deal of flexibility in defending different political arrangements, provided the facts of history for the given society would play along.

On one side, Grotius was able to argue against royalists who sought to define sovereignty as an indivisible package of prerogatives that could be vested in only a singular will. Grotius takes this claim, which Jean Bodin had advanced a scope earlier, at face value but treats indivisibility as a purely conceptual point: The rights of governing come as a package, but a society may, if it chooses, designate different essays for the various rights. Grotius developed this position early in his career in an unpublished manuscript that Americas true dream essay called Commentary in Eleven Theses.

The scope divisibility law sovereignty is an indispensable premise for the political argument of the work, which defends the ongoing Dutch war against the rule of the king of Spain. Unlike earlier apologists, Grotius does not conceive of the war as a revolt based on right of a people to resist a tyrannical ruler but law as a war between sovereign powers see Borschberg pp.